Lecture Ready – Chapter 4 – Lecture Outline

Bui Ng? c Minh Anh BABAUH11045 Listening AE1 Chapter 4 – Lecture Outline TOPIC: Technology is changing the music industry. I. Democritization of music industry: 1. Making of music: a. Professional tools of recording studio on personal computers. b. No longer needs a recording company to make high-quality recordings. 2. Promotion of music: a. On the internet, anyone can be a critic. b. People post preview, opion and their music work on music sites, blogs or create their own audio blogs. . Promotion tools has been popularize. 3. Distribution of music: a. MP3 files – the most popular way to get music. b. There are many sites to buy single or album of music. c. Files sharing – P2P networks – sharing all over the world. II. Copyright: (The U. S. laws and international agreements on ownership and rights to distribute property) 1. Tools make music easy to record, promote, distribute also make it easy to steal. 2.P2P networks can be used in legal way, however, 90% of music downloaded violates copyright – people trade music illegally. 3. How to stop, or reduce copyright infringement: a. Music companies and musicians believe that it’s needed to restrict file-sharing on the internet: – Companies that make it easy to share file and make money from it should not be allowed to operate. – Should nstall security devices that make it harder to copy and share files to protect the companies and musicians’ rights. . The file-sharing sites and technology companies disagree to restrict all uses to protect copyright: – The free flow of information led to some of the most technological advances of the world. – Restrict internet sharing not only limit the file sharing but also limit the innovation. c. Other group of people think that it’s needed to have new models for how to pay artists and the music companies, that restrict file-sharing just won’t work.

Performance Measurement Paper Essay

In the world of business there are many cliche’s about how performance measurements are implemented and what they actually do such as â€Å"if your company doesn’t measure results then you can’t tell success from failure. † http://www. balancedscorecard. org/Home/tabid/36/Default. aspx The key focus on strategic objectives should always articulate precisely what the organization wants to accomplish which is the key to finding accurate, true, strategic measurements. The strategic performance measures will allow the organization to monitor the implementation and effectiveness of the operational efficiency. The best performance measures will provide a way to monitor and see if that strategy is actually working. Focusing on the importance of the employee’s contribution to the success of the organization is another important measure that can be added along with providing a common language for the communication of everyone. Performance measurement is so vital in the structure of an organization because it is an ongoing and constant reporting and monitoring of accomplishments. Typically the program is implemented by agency management. The different program activities are measured by this system as well. A program may be considered any project, activity, or function that has a set of objectives. The three types in which will be compared and contrasted begins with the output type of performance measures which indicates a specific workload that is processed throughout a period of time. The next type of performance type of selection is the efficiency type, which indicates the different ratio’s of the resources to work the product. The resources of this particular type are primarily considered budget dollars. The final performance measurement type that will be under contrast is the outcome type which tells the results over a period of time from work which was performed by the organization in order to benefit the people receiving the service. (EOM) or enterprise output management is a practice used in information technology dealing with the organization of data that is created for banking systems, insurance database systems, customer relationship management, as well as many others. Output distributed management is defined as middle ware that threatens to drive out the process originally supported in order to implement an auto mated one. EOM output managment could potentially reduce the cost of traditional printing because it uses digital output channel such as fax and email. The potential of this is depends on how the concept is adopted by the targeted customer group. Management information systems allow organizations to get right people the correct information at a timely and efficient manner. The efficiency type of performance management works by pulling together information. Therefore improving the products and expanding the customer base at the same time. A manger with a good management information system can eliminate redundant miscues that waste time and may instead focus on what actually works for the betterment of the organization. If an MIS is added into the equation then the amount of time saving that will benefit the organization will be tremendous because there is more time being focused on the specific task at hand. The computer program can collect data from employees much faster than the alternative time consuming method of not taking advantage of the technology. The over-all term performance management is defined as the output of employees and groups individually. The employees may be divided into groups and departments within the organization as a whole. Therefore the performances can be evaluated much more effectively by knowing what everyone’s production levels are and by gathering this information will definitely help to improve the quality of production in the organization which will lead to good things for everyone. In order for the performance management procedures to be put in place and do the job that they are needed to do there should be a performance definition done as soon as humanly possible because this knowledge will help drive the rest of the tasking in sequence for what needs to be done for the organization.

Mass medias and their political role Essay

 « Medias  » comes from the latin  « media  » that designs all means of communication ; such as printing press, radio, television, Internet. There has been a mediatic revolution in Europe, and specially en France, since the end of the XIX th century, which accompanied the birth of the Republic and its main political crisis, at is allowed the expression of the public opinion. In June 29th, 1881, the Law on the Freedom of the Press allowed the liberty of expression though settling its limits such as the prohibition of defamation, against the press offences, incitements to racial hatred or attainment on other’s property and public security. This law permitted a greater involvement of the public opinion in major political crisis that happened in France since the end of the XIXth century, such as the following ones I am going to present : the Dreyfus Affair, the Vichy France and the elections of June 2002. The Dreyfus Affair : This political crisis illustrates the major role of printing press. At that time, the Jules ferry Laws had increased alphabetisation, so the press became much more accessible to lower classes of society. More newspapers were printed and sold at a far cheaper price ; it was a democratisation of the press. At the time of the Dreyfus Affair, there was a huge debate about secularism (â€Å"Laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬ ), in which the press involved itself by expressing the public opinion. L’Humanità © was more biased on a socialist point of view whereas La Croix belonged to the right wing of the political life, though it is really with the Dreyfus Case that the politicisation took place. In November 1rst, 1894, the far right-wing and antisemit newspaper La Libre Parole, accused Captain Alfred Dreyfus, of jewish confession, of having betrayed France by being a spy for Germany. Dreyfus was sentenced to death. But the public opinion was vehemently divided and represented through the press.There was the pro-Army, nationalists Anti-Dreyfusards and the  pro-Republicans, also called Dreyfusards, who led a ferocious battle against the other camp. The term â€Å"intellectual† was created at that time to design journalists that committed themselves in the affair. For exemples : – Emile Zola, a naturalist writer, publishes in January 13th, 1898, his false letter/pamphlet â€Å"J’accuse† in L’Aurore, asking for more justice from the President, and so for Dreyfus’ commutation. It was the very first engagement of intellectuals in the press. – Jean Jaurà ©s also demonstrated cleverly the innocence of Dreyfus in â€Å"Les preuves† published in La Rà ©publique. We have then an example of a bipolarised press reflecting a bipolarised public opinion. The expression of diverse voices greatly influenced the release and rehabilitation of Dreyfus in 1906, just one year after the victory of the secularism laws. WWII : The French State or Vichy France : In 1940, with the creation of the French collaborating and antisemit State, there has been a significant division of medias : – The official press became marechalist (newspaper Je suis partout), proclaiming the need for collaboration, denouciations†¦; – A clandestine, illegal press appeared (Libà ©ration) supporting the Resistance movement, in which people were encouraged to resist and to make life harder to the Occupier (sabotages, hidding illegal peole†¦.). The press had a serious influence on the behaviours of the French State’s people. But radio too took a major role in this event : – Radio Paris was tightly controlled by the governement since the first public diffusion by the radio in 1921. – Radio Londres (written this way on the internet) on the contrary did not support the german occupation so that it allowed De Gaulle to communicate with France and deliver his famous speech in June 18th, 1940, in which he encouraged French soldie rs and workers to continue fighting against the collaborators and occupiers and the inhabitants of the French State to resist. Radio was also used a well as leaflets, to improve the organisation of resistant actions. The Algerian War (1954-1962) : At the beginning of the war, the medias took great interest in this new political crisis that the government had trouble in solving. â€Å"L’Algà ©rie, c’est la France !† declares Franà §ois Mitterand, then Minister of the Interior at the TV/Radio. In fact, after the loss of Indochina, France could not afford to lose Algeria as well according to many state members. But different opinions were debated over in the press mainly (France Soir, Le Parisien Libà ©rà ©, Le Figaro†¦), by the four main radios representing round 38 millions of listeners, and the emerging but still very elitist television. When the government sent the contigent in 1956, the jounalists were very much involved in illustrating the public opinion and the Ifop (an institute of survey and opinion polls) revealed that the polls mainly revealed a global wish for negociations rather than fightings. But the government did not want to lose its credibility and censored the press, getting hold o f some (L’Express), and arrested some of the most vehement journalists. But some newspapers (L’Express and La France-Observateur) and authors (Franà §ois Mauriac) denonced the political measures and repression to make it transparent to the public. There was no more stability in the French government and DeGaulle was asked to come back to power in 1958, which he did, at the price that a new Constitution should be put into office and that the fifth Republic shall be claimed. De Gaulle used as he did a few years before, the power of medias as a tool to communicate with the French people, mainly using the ORTF, The Office de Radiodiffusion Tà ©là ©vision Franà §aise, which monopolised Frenc TV emissions and allowed him to put forward his own opinion. This allowed him to avoid the putsch of the generals in April 1961 (they wanted to take power in Alger in order to maintain the French Algeria against De Gaulle’s policy of negociations) by directly talking to the called in order to discourage them from helping the generals. Finally Algeria became independent with the Evian Accords in 1962. But a few years later, with May 1968 it clearly appeared that the government controlled no longer the medias, which became more and more  independent and were less used as an influencial tool of the government, but only as a mean to express opinions or to give more information (ex : the presidential elections of June 2002, when the Internet, newspapers and televion altogether permitted a mobilisation of the voters against Jean-Marie Le Pen.)

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Summery - Essay Example Modern findings however argue that organisations are forced to adopt the culture of the wider society so as to be perceived as being legitimate (Dingwall & Strangleman, 2005). The early 1980s saw the idea of organizational culture popularized among managers. It was argued that successful companies created and possessed the right culture and managers were charged with initiating this. Dingwall and Strangleman (2005) further outline the role of culture in describing the cognition of members of an organisation to each other and the outsiders and explaining performance. Thus, the public sector was perceived to be inefficient due to the culture of indiscipline. These inefficiencies caused neo-liberal governments to front for privatisation and cultural change so as to equal them to their private counterparts. The interest in culture management in the private sector was largely driven by international competition. In the public sector, neo-liberal governments arriving in the UK and US and colonisation of international organisations pushed for adoption of culture management. Therefore, the modern cultural adaptation by the public sector fosters entrepreneurial go vernments which promote competition among service providers. They link culture to structure. Dingwall, R. & Strangleman, T. (2005). Organizational cultures in the public services. In E. Ferlie, L. E. Lynn & C. Pollitt (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of public management (pp. 468 - 490). Oxford, OX: Oxford University

Motivation at the workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation at the workplace - Assignment Example Motivation is more of psychological processes that lead to arousal, persistence and direction of one’s behavior. Intrinsic motivation is driven by enjoyment or interest in task itself and it exists within individual and not on any external pleasure (Alexander et al, 2000, p. 54). Extrinsic motivation is driven by activity performance that is focused on attaining an outcome, it rises from outside the person, and some of the forms of extrinsic motivations include threat of punishment, coercion, money and grades (Jelencic, 2011, p. 3). Competition is also a form of extrinsic motivation. In the workplace, work of manager entails getting work done by employees, for this to be achieved; managers have a role to motivate employees. Motivation entails both theory and practice and its one of the difficult subjects that touches various disciplines. In the workplace, motivation is approached by businesses in different ways as managers try their best to motivate employees to work hard, how ever, the fact is that no one can make one work where that person has no desire to work (Podroff, 2005, p. 40). Effective motivation requires the managers to shift workers mindset and understanding of employees creating the appropriate set of circumstances in the workplace. Podroff (2005, p. 40) has argued that motivation is not and cannot be coerced. Importance of workplace motivation According to Jex and Britt (2008, p. 234), motivation is central in determining intensity, duration, and direction of work-related behavior among employees, behavior here refers to activities that employees engage in at workplace. Intensity of motivation determines the energy and vigor that employees put in directing their work-related goals. In organizational psychology, common motivation dependent variables include employees’ choice, effort, and at times persistence. Motivation influences the performance and well-being of employees. Kondalkar (p.246) added that motivation reduces employeesâ⠂¬â„¢ turnover, enhances their ability to accept organizational change, and improves the image of the organization. Ways of enhancing workplace motivation Bruce (2006, p. 7) suggested various ways of motivating staff, one of them is to know their need for motivation, once the manager is able to answer the question, he/she is well placed in engaging the employees at work more effectively and influence their workplace behavior so that they can act more enthusiastically focusing on achieving the organizational goals. Managers must also recognize employees’ real motivation without relying on myths like financial incentives as the only motivator; this requires mangers to evaluate the factors that drive their employees’ motivation. Managers need to inspire employees to what is meaningful and important, for instance, they can inspire the staff to think like business entrepreneurs, to take risks and unleash their synergistic and limitless potential. Effective communication is also essential in enabling staff realize the reasons for doing what managers desire to be done, employees may not necessarily be motivated by managers reasons and objectives, they would wish to know what is in the objectives for themselves, managers therefore must communicate to them so as to evaluate their purposes and causes and connect them to organizational activities and goals. Latham (2007, p. 4) argued that motiv

Community Involvement in Construction Dissertation

Community Involvement in Construction - Dissertation Example The involvement of the community benefits both the community and the economy. The research is made to enhance the economy and to attain advantages from the community. Different books, literary articles in different magazines, newspaper and journals are utilized for the collection of data and information (Groat & Wang, 2002). However, interviews and questionnaire were also adopted for the collection of data. The construction publications and governmental publication are also considered important for the research. The government publications are important in determining the legal situation of the subject. Methodology In order to research the hypothesis, two research methodologies can be adopted (Groat & Wang, 2002). One method is to simply collect the data with relevance to the statement and then prove the hypothesis through the observation and with the help of available information. The collection method should involve the relevant books, journals, literature, etc. The method is often called as the qualitative research method. However, proving the hypothesis by utilizing the scientific tactics or scientific methods, which involves the practical behavior and responses from the people that are influencing the research directly. The method may not involve the collection of data through books, journals, etc. Such research method is known as quantitative research method. ... Secondly, utilization of the questionnaire and interviewing also help community development and fight legal and formal issues. Qualitative and Quantitative Research methods: Qualitative research approach involves the collection of data by researching and exploring the subject of subject without utilizing the principles and laws. The information explores the subject corresponding subject and its constituent parts. The attained information is carefully studied and conclusion is drawn with relevance to the collected information (Groat & Wang, 2002). The information is collected from the books, journals and other such sources that cover the subject. In a quantitative research method, an experimental method is utilized, which follows the scientific methods. In a scientific methods, a sequence of procedures are followed and then according to the finding evaluated through the steps, conclusion is made. The research method involves the collection of data through experimentation and directly consulting the persons that are directly involved (Groat & Wang, 2002). Interviewing or questionnaire is a part of the quantitative research method. Data collection: The information is gathered from various sources and thus it is not in the form that is required. The gathered information required editing. Editing of the information involved the selection of appropriate content and discarding the inappropriate information that is irrelevant to the subject of the research (Groat  & Wang 2002). Secondary Data Collection: In the qualitative research method, primary as well as secondary information sources are searched. Secondary information sources include the previous researches and information available in

Data Mining Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Mining - Lab Report Example In addition, data on the number of science related course that a student had taken and data on years of professional experience that a student had prior to the course were missing for some of the participants. In addition, data on expected salary for first job had unrealistically low values and required cleaning. Means were used to clean data on previous number of science course and professional experience and expected salary while mode was used to clean ordinal data. A majority of the students, therefore, had undertaken about three science related courses and had about 3.65 years of professional experience in data areas. The students expected first salary of about $ 29795.78. A majority of the students (60.9 percent) were fair in data mining efficiency while only 8.7 were good. Only 21.7 percent had much confidence in becoming data analysts after graduation while 56.5 percent were not sure of their positions. Most of the students lived away from campus with 34.8 percent being within a driving distance while 52.2 percent lived far away, though within the United States. Most of the students preferred a one-by-one virtual meeting. The following histograms illustrate the distributions. Majority of the students have sufficient background knowledge in data mining, having done many related course. They however lack experience in data mining and report average efficiency. Their level of motivation into data analysis profession is low, their locations are far from the campus, and they prefer one-by-one virtual meetings. A one on one approach to learning that focuses on technology for online study is therefore

Affluenza in Austrail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Affluenza in Austrail - Essay Example The article by Hamilton which is entitled the Affluenza in Australia is the main focus of the study. There are different concepts related to affluenza presented in the article which revolves on the relationship of wealth and the fulfillment of the people in life. Based on the report, people in Australia are becoming decreasingly dissatisfied with their life regardless of the increasing trend of income in the country (Hamilton 2005, 16). The article presented different situations in the way of life in Australia that can be considered as indications of affluenza. One is the view that ‘people that are wealthy on the basis of international or historical standard’ have the notion that their way of life is tough. Even 62 percent of the population in Australia has the perception that they have no capability to buy the things they need (Hamilton 2005, 16). This is considered as affluenza since on the basis of the material things owned by the households in Australia, the lifestyle of the people there can be considered as luxurious. This can be observed on the basis of different examples such as the size of houses, the household appliances and the average income of the people (Hamilton 2005, 16). There are different points to analyze the article. These include the components of the article, the points presented and the empirical data and evidences presented which present the relationship to affluenza in the Australian society. In terms of the components and manner of presentation of the data, the article can be considered to lack certain parts such as the presentation of the main objectives and methodology used in the study. These components are considered important in an article to be able to point out the reliability of the information. Such components are required for both quantitative and qualitative studies. In terms of the article title, it can be considered to represent a broad area that includes all the issues related to affluenza

Virtual academy in fuction of Long Life Learning Thesis

Virtual academy in fuction of Long Life Learning - Thesis Example The research holds the concept that the time constraints and place are eliminated in virtual academies. Stacy & Riley, in  "Teaching in Virtual Worlds: Opportunities and Challenges", suggested that virtual worlds play an effective role in learning process as learning environment is generalized rather than contextual. A research by Travis & Price, â€Å"Instructional culture and distance learning†, stated that the use of virtual technologies to deliver courses in education has challenged faculty to examine their culture of teaching and faculty must examine the impact of these technologies on different aspects of coaching. An article by Russel, â€Å"Is Virtual Schooling a Virtual Reality?† identified three categories of virtual schools i.e.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"independent, collaborative  and  broadcast†Ã‚  models. It was also discussed in the study that virtual schools aim at expansion of education facilities to those who cannot go to proper schools and help them to ed ucate themselves while being at home. There are some models too that are used in virtual academies in order to better educate the users.

Bruce Smith is a totally incompetent manager Essay - 1

Bruce Smith is a totally incompetent manager - Essay Example As we move along we will also use other theories and research to substantiate our conclusions. The interpersonal activities of a manager arise out of his status and the formal authority that he has. This category of activities supports the information processing and the decision roles which are the other two activities that manager performs. This is the role in which the manager represents the unit which he heads and becomes the one who symbolizes the unit. Duties must be carried out whether they are social, legal or inspirational. Events must be attended and documents must be signed. There is no evidence in the information provided in the case study to suggest that Bruce might not be fulfilling this role well. In fact his commitment to excellence in the performance of his unit indicates that he fulfills this role very well. This is a decisive role played by a manager particularly with respect to his relationship with subordinates. In the leadership role the manager keeps the subordinates motivated, encouraged and alert. The manager balances the interests of the organization (which he keeps first) with the interests of the employee to ensure effective functioning. I would categorize Bruce as an exceptional leader. ... These are technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills. Peterson & Fleet (2004, pp. 1299) have defined these for us: Technical skills are defined as the understanding of, or proficiency in, specific activities that require the use of specialized tools, methods, processes, procedures, techniques, or knowledge.Human skills are defined as the ability to work cooperatively with others, to communicate effectively, to resolve conflict, and to be a team player.Finally, conceptual skills are defined as the ability to see the organization as a whole or to have a systemic viewpoint Bruce would score highly on technical skills because of his ability to resolve technical issues as indicated by the feedback of his subordinate Stephen Dye who appreciated Bruce's ability to come up with solutions for technical problems like computers or paper or ink. Alex Brown another of Bruce's subordinates has complimented him on his interest in keeping his staff well trained as well as his frankness in giving feedback. Leonard Best tell us about the monthly morning tea awards which is a system that keeps the team motivated and contributes to a good spirit. These soft skills of Bruce give him a high score on human skills which is the second category of skills enumerated by Katz as necessary for managers. The time and energy he devotes to these human activities indicate the high level of priority that he attaches to these activities as well as his belief in the need to keep his team motivated. Liaison: This is the role of the manager which has to do with his networking skills. A positive equation with people with whom there may be no direct working relationship has great rewards and favor result out of these relationships. These kind of networking skills shaping internal and external

Critically assess the merits of the international intervention in Essay

Critically assess the merits of the international intervention in Kosovo - Essay Example It is an open truth that the sovereignty of every country is regarded as its most cherished asset (Warhurst, 2007; Alothman et al, 2010). This not withstanding, countries and states have not always had their sovereign rules to be intact. This is because of the international conventions and regulations that bind various nations and spell out some accepted codes of existence. In most cases, when these codes are broken, leading to all kinds of humanitarian crisis in individual countries, the resultant consequence has been for the international world to intervene to defend the interest of the ordinary person. A similar situation is what was experienced in Kosovo when the international body, led by the media cried out on what was supposedly a humanitarian crisis in Kosovo. The international intervention in Kosovo in 1999, which was largely led by the United States and NATO have come under intense scrutiny and review by scholars, the legal fraternity, historians, and the media. Even though the NATO and the United States had their own reasons and justifications for undertaking the international intervention they took in Kosovo, not much of these commentators who have researched and analyzed the events in the lead up to the intervention and the events specifically involved in the events seem to be convinced by the actions taken by the international bodies who staged their interventions in Kosovo. It is from this perspective that the present essay is being written to critically assess the merits of the international intervention in Kosovo. ... Indeed, from the estimates of these two bodies, Kosovo was experiencing a humanitarian crisis and so it was important to intervene to ensure that the lives of ordinary people were protected and secured (Pybus, 2001; Ankomah, 2005). This is basically the factor that led to an international intervention in Kosovo. Prior to the major intervention, the international community, led by NATO and the United States had actually said that the crisis in Kosovo was as a result of the Serbian nationalism. In this regard, they justified their merit in the intervention as a need to protecting the selected few, of whom crime and acts of atrocities were being perpetuated against (Macklin, 1996). Analysts say that there have been cases of humanitarian crisis boiling up in some countries before the 1999 Kosovo crisis, which received no international interventions. The case of Kosovo was therefore supposed to be a different one and thus justifiable to subjecting it to critical analysis as to why the int ervention was necessary. But whenever this need for justification is posed to NATO, they are quick to defend the merit in the intervention, saying that there was a specific target in this case, who were the Serbs. From their estimation and argument therefore, if it had been a war within one sided front, the international intervention would not have been so necessary but for the fact that there was a united force rising against a weaker opposition, delaying on the intervention would have caused the growing human tragedy to continue (Maddox, 2005; Cliff, 2009). The outcome of the intervention The outcome of the international intervention has generally been criticized as one that did not yield the expected promise with which it was started (Papadakis, 2000). One of such schools

The Mayor of Casterbridge Essay Example for Free

The Mayor of Casterbridge Essay This essay will demonstrate and analyse how Thomas Hardy uses the first two chapters of this book as a prologue to the rest of the novel. To establish this, this essay will include Hardys style and use of language. This sort of style is quite unique, which is probably why he used it. Other important elements are the setting and how they are linked to Hardy himself, the themes and the way he exemplifies characters. The main character, Michael Henchard, is said to be of fine figure and swarthy. He wore a short, brown corduroy jacket, a fustian waistcoat, tanned leggings, white horn buttons and white breeches. Also, he wore a straw hat. At the beginning of the narrative, Michael is holding a tool-bag. This shows that Michael is a man of the trade. This flows with what Hardy says about Henchard being a skilled countryman. Michaels entrance to the story is palpable, but until later on in the novel, we dont actually know his name. Until the 6th page, 3rd paragraph, Michael is referred to as, amongst other things, the man. This gives a bit of suspense as the reader wishes to read further to find out who this person is and what his name. The reader discovers that he is indeed the husband of Susan; the woman he is accompanying. He doesnt play the role of a husband or a father at all (we also find out that he and Susan have a baby called Elizabeth-Jane. He remains using similar behaviour until chapter two. The first time he actually opened his mouth to talk, was, when addressing a worker around Weydon-Priors. The second time, one page later, was when he briefly replied to Susan in pg 4/5, when Susan is telling him to go to the Good Furmity Sold Here tent at the fair, instead of the Good Home-brewed Beer, Ale and Cyder tent. His disinclination to go to the furmity tent is shown when he says, Ive never tasted it. At this point, he finally shows some responsibility as he gave way to he representations ; the her being Susan. His carelessness is again shown on page six, where he gets drunk from the excessive rum in his furmity. He then goes on further, when he states how he got married too young. Michael puts himself and Susan in great shame when he auctions her. At this point, we dont know whether its the drink talking, or if he really feels this way. We are persuaded that Michael really wants to rid of his wife, when, on pages 8/9/10, he pursues his selling, until finally a bidder puts the money on the table and the exchange is made. Hardy shows that Henchard really is a malicious man, without any thought to his responsibility. We know this by the language used; he talks badly of Susan; I married at 18, like the fool that I was; and this is the consequence ot. We finally see the back of Susan, telling us that the exchange was true and complete. Overall, we see that Michael is a man who doesnt see his responsibilities and likes to live a single persons life. He is careless in most of actions and is easily taken under the influence of drink; the reason why he auctioned his wife. In Chapter Two, however, we discover, that Michael didnt have the slightest clue of what he did the previous night. This is shown as he thinks back of what he had done, and showed great regret. We know this as he travels around the fair in search of his wife and later takes a serious oath, for such an alcoholic as Henchard especially. Michael then travels around the Fair in search of Susan. Later, around page 17, we discover Henchard to be making a vow as to not drink spirits for 21 years, as spirit was the reason why he lost his ex-wife; I, Michael Henchard, on this morning of the 16th of September, do take an oath before God here in this solemn place that I will avoid all strong liquors for the space of 21 years. His pledge is significant to the play because it changes his outlook; he becomes a less rowdy person; a Mayor. This also allows him to find Susan, as his perspective is broadened; he can sort out his priorities. Susan is first introduced at the same time as Michael. Shes described as being pretty and having a half-apathetic expression. Michael and Susan have a declining relationship. Susan doesnt converse with Michael and just saunters along with him silently. As with Michael, we dont discover Susans name at first. This is probably because Thomas wants to set the scene first, then the characters, etc. Although we dont know that Susan and Michael are in wedlock, we o know that Susan is the mother of young Elizabeth-Jane. She and Michael dont converse until the dialogue where Susan encourages Michael to go the furmity rent, instead of the alcoholic tent; page 4. This proves that Susan is the most sensible out of the two. Although Susan may have made the most sensible choice, she still didnt escape shame and pain. She discovers Michaels bad side, as he has too much rum in his furmity. We know that this isnt the first time, Henchard has behaved this way previously, as Hardy writes, The young woman his wife, who seemed accustomed to such remarks She isnt mentioned much, until the auction scene, when she tells Michael how his behaviours is inappropriate and irresponsible and is just making a fool of himself. Later on in page eight, Susan gets more serious, realising the great significance of Michaels actions; Come, come, it is getting dark, and this nonsense wont do. If you dont come along, I shall go without you. Come! The repetition shows her concern and desperation to avoid the situation. Susan tries to maintain her dignity and pride by agreeing to all of the selling, probably to rid herself of such humiliation and torture. We know instantly that Susan regrets the whole ordeal as she went out of the tent sobbing bitterly. Although the furmity lady, only has a brief part to play in the story, she is still quite important. She is first mentioned in page five. She is described as haggish and is said to be of fifty years of age. She was wearing a white apron, reaching almost all the way around her waist. Her only actions were to stir the large pot of furmity, which consists of grain, flour, milk, raisins, currants, etc. She seems to be just a furmity lady, but Hardys crone-like description of her fits nicely with her slyness as she laces the furmity with quite a lot of rum. She appears again at the bottom of the page when she served Michael and Susan a bowl of furmity. She has a quite a persuasive character as she convinces Michael to have some rum. This meant more profit for her. Apart from the above, her last appearance was when the auction was maturing; she told Susan that it was the drink talking and that Michael didnt mean what he was saying. The furmity lady represents the working-class of Weydon-Priors. Especially as she is part of the fair, she seems to have a nomadic life; always moving around to different locations. As she is reacquainted with Susan later on, Hardy skilfully relates the furmity lady to the downfall of rural life, The turnip-hoer first had an appearance on page 3. He told Michael about the type of work available in Weydon-Priors. The turnip-hoer had a very brief appearance in the novel indeed. He did have quite a significant part, as the reader discovers that there was a lack of work for the working-class and that Weydon-Priors was a changing area, good for some, bad for most. He represents the economic state of the village and is a typical countryman. The mention of the Fair almost automatically implies that it has some connotation in the anecdote. He had a hoe on one shoulder and a dinner-bag suspended from it as well. Hardy describes the turnip-hoer as being a pessimist. This shows that he just saw things from the bad side and didnt really look for any good in anything. He probably used that word as he replied negatively to anything Henchard asked. Then, he mentions the Fair Day; the only way of getting any money in most cases. We learn quite a lot about Wessex and the way of life there in the first few pages of Chapter One. This is due mainly to the turnip-hoer. From him, we learn that there is a shortage of jobs. Due to the time setting, it is quite obvious to those with knowledge of history, that it is the time of the Industrial Revolution. The chronicle fits in efficiently with the time setting, before the nineteenth century had reached one-third of its span ; this was during the pinnacle of the Industrial Revolution 1709 to 1853. We then discover that homes are being knocked down to make way for the industrial buildings. Therefore, life must be quite hard for the working-class. This is shown by the turnip-hoer saying how there is a lack of employment; lack of money. We know this because, Weydon-Priors is at the threshold of being an industrial city. The only way of making money outside the industrial side, it seems, is to work in the Fair or sell horses. The Fair is packed with people and full of life. Different activities and different fairs to visit, for example, toy-stands, waxworks, medicine men, and so forth. Hardy uses a varied form of vocabulary in this text, but most of the book uses a sophisticated range of vocabulary. Examples of sophisticated choices include: Hardy uses this wide range of lexis effectively to make an effective description of an object or person. By using efficient language, Hardy creates a good picture in the mind of the reader. He does this by describing something with great detail. For example, when he first introduced Michael, he used great detail in order to produce sufficient imagery. The man was of fine figure, swarthy, and stern in aspect; and he showed in profile a facial angle so slightly inclined as to be almost perpendicular. He goes on to use analogous detail in describing his attire. It is quite obvious that Hardy likes to use detail in his descriptions. This is required to produce a vivid image for the reader. The result of this is a strong and almost exact picture of the object or person in question created in the mind. This can help the reader understand further things mentioned in the story and the relevance and significance of things mentioned. The structure of Hardy sentences varies occasionally, but the overall lengths of the sentences are long. This is typical of the time period; early 1900s This provides a neutral atmosphere, as shorter sentences or pauses give a tenser ambience. A good example of the use of shorter sentences, is during the auctioning of Susan, The sailor hesitated a moment, looked anew at the woman, came in, unfolded five crisp pieces of paper The lengths of the paragraphs also vary, but most of them are long, which is typical of the time period. When a more important scene is written in The Mayor Of Casterbridge, Hardy uses very long paragraphs to create a significant flow in the action. Apart from the narrators language, there is the language used by the characters. The characters language varies from their class, but is quite similar. They use northern dialect and they dont pronounce all of the letters; this emphasises the setting of the novel. This presents the way northerners speak. An example of this vernacular is, and this is the consequence ot. There isnt much dialogue until the auction scene. This creates quite a tense atmosphere with some suspense. A very significant factor of language, is the relationship between Michael and Susan. They dont speak habitually at all. They converse a small amount at the Fair, only to talk about things like lodging. This is imperative as it clearly depicts the relationship between the two Henchards; they dont have a close affiliation and only communicate when necessary. Most of the early chapters are based on the theme of marriage. This is because, Michael and Susan were married and Michael sold Susan because he was saying how fed up he was with marriage. The further actions made by Henchard were reflections to what he had done; he swore to give up spirits for twenty-one years, he went in search for Susan due to marriage and possibly love. At the scene of the auction, the only people who seem to have some reverence for the sacred bond of matrimony, are Susan and the furmity lady. Susan is the only person who tries to put the whole state of affairs to a halt, Mike, Mike, this is getting serious. O! too serious! The repetition shows her concern. The furmity tries to reassure Susan that Michael is just under the influence of drink, Others just encourage Michael, Theres them that would do that, this shows that they find such an offer common. For the rest of the customers in the tent, it appeared to be a sort of entertainment. The economy plays quite an important part in the tale as well. This is because Michael and Susan first went towards Weydon-Priors, because Henchard was in search of employment. Change is evident in the area of Weydon-Priors as the turnip-hoer told Michael of the knocking down of the houses, lack of vocation. The quality and style of life will obviously be changed by this new revolution. By mentioning or hinting the industrial revolution, Hardy sets the time and setting of the anecdote well, making it more realistic. Hardy uses the theme of nature in The Mayor Of Casterbridge, but only occasionally in the first two chapters. An example of Hardy doing this, is on page two, half-apathetic expression of on who deems anything possible at the hands of Time and Chance except, perhaps, fair play. The first phase was that work of Nature As you may notice, Hardy used capital letters for the beginning of the three words Time, Chance and Nature. He might have done this to make the three words stand out and allow the reader to see their significance. Time and Chance seem to control occurrences. Time; things are going to happen, its just a matter of time when. Chance; sometimes. People can be lucky and have chance on their side. Nature; the contrasts between man and nature. Fate seems to play a small, but quite important role in the anecdote. Hardy uses this element skilfully. It assists the auction scene with the entrance of the sailor. It would have been quite hard for the sailor to hear the auctioneers voice from outside; he was destined to meet and purchase Susan and Elizabeth-Jane. Hardy shows how Henchard develops quite quickly in the prologue. He begins as a man who seems to be oblivious of his duties to his wife and infant. The main event which convinces Michael he has to revolutionize his conduct. After getting under the influence of spirits, he humiliates his wife and then puts her on the market. When he becomes abstemious, he realises his faux pas and falls in to a state of remorse. The next day, he starts to search for his spouse. After failing to locate Susan in the Fair, he makes an oath to avoid all strong liquors for the space of twenty-one years This shows that he has realised that the main cause of the whole dilemma was the alcohol. Another example of him following a new route, is the narrators text, seemed relieved at having made a start in a new direction. This is a sort of quest for Michael; to give up alcohol and to find his lost partner. The type of narration used is third person narrative. The reader is only given limited information as to whats happening. The conscious narrator decides what and how information is revealed. An example of this is the concealing of Henchards name. We dont have full knowledge that Susan and Henchard are married; their relationship together. This makes the reader want to continue reading to discover the role and significance of the character. Hardy uses language effectively to get the appropriate mood and atmosphere. He uses sufficient imagery when he wants to give the reader a detailed description of the scene. He uses symbolism to assist this, e. g. at the Fair, Hardy refers to the horses to represent Susan, as the horses are also being sold. He uses varied sentence structure to achieve tension. Although most other writers would use shorter sentences to create anxiety, Thomas uses commas as well. An example of this, is at the end of CH 1. Hardy uses prolonged sentences, but with commas to create a depressing atmosphere. The whole of the story after the auctioning of Susan, is founded on that very act. The main outline of the first two chapters is quite simple. Firstly, the couple enter Weydon-Priors. Then, they visit the Fair and go to a furmity tent. Michael gets drunk and offers to sell his wife, Susan. After much pondering, a sailor approaches Henchard and purchases Susan, who is accompanied by Elizabeth-Jane. Michael, the next morning, realises what he did in his drunken rage. He makes a vow to never touch any spirits for 21 years. Michael finds that he has lost Susan forever, or so he thinks After the selling of Susan, all of Michaels actions were based on that event. Before CH. 3 continues, a lot time passes; Hardy likes to use time in his writing. As you can see in the brief plot of the story above, all of the actions made reverberated the auction. Michael made a vow due to the auction, he went in search of Susan because of the sale, etc. Hardy cleverly makes an impression in the readers mind at the beginning of the story. This makes the reader want to read further to discover the following events. From this essay, I have learnt about Hardys style, his use of things like Nature, Time and so on. I have learnt of Thomas lexis and structure. The overall language he uses is different to other authors in the sense that he uses very sophisticated expression and refers to seemingly irrelevant things to achieve sufficient effects; symbolising. Also, we learn how Hardy develops characters and their identity, e. g. Michael. His description also fluctuates to other publishments, as he refers to things like nature, chance and time; he uses elements that might be relevant to him. Hes a unique author.

An Overview of Human Resources

An Overview of Human Resources Introduction: Human Resource Management is an offshoot of the management discipline, which emphasis on how to attract, hire, train, motivate and retain employees. Skilled employees become a cause of competitive advantage in this global village, who continually faces the turbulent environmental changes taking place in the business world. The researcher found that Human Resource practices are too important to have an impact on the achievements of organizational objectives in the world of competition (Khan, 2011). Human Resource is the back bone in managing the organizational resources and its performance efficiently and effectively. Better the human resource management, better the production of the organization. Managing the human capital effectively guarantees the right person at right place at the right time, which helps the organization to achieve its strategic objectives. Human resources of any business are vital assets who convert inputs up to finished goods, thus enhancing the profits by meeting the societal challenges and meeting the needs of society(Uddin 2014). The traditional act of personnel manager/HR manager as an HR administrator is inadequate for existence in this turbulent business world (Payne, 2010). In the present era HR manager should act as a business partner and HR manager simultaneously. Due to rapid changes in technology and excessive use of information technology, business has emerged in a global community and this emerging field has become a Global Strategic Management. This emerging meadow is the amalgamation of strategic management and global business environment which forms strategies globally, expanding the business across the territorial boundaries to compete globally(Johansson 2014). The human resource management of any setup, institution, firm, having ongoing turbulent milieu changes, is unable to be a stagnant phenomenon. By aligning the business strategies with the human resource management, the organization can obtain the competitive edge in the industry. Firm can optimally utilize the appropriate opportunities with the help of the strategic human resource management. Strategic amalgamation is a predictable requisite in creation of evenness between human resource strategy and organizational strategy. Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) remained the utmost, authoritative and the most significant emerging concept in the arena of business and management during the past twenty-five years(Festing 2012; Dudin 2013). Strategic human resources are referred to the development of the strategies which can assist motivating employees to produce more quantity/better quality and performance. The concept of SHRM emerged and got popularity in the USA during late 90s(Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall et al. 2009). The importance of strategic human resource management in an organization cannot be overemphasized due to the fact that human beings are the pushing force behind any organization. In this respect, organizations must be able to implement well-planned and well-thought out strategic human resource ideas that will be transported out to coordinate and transmit the human capital into increased productivity. A strong human resource strategy will allow an organization to have a good relationship with its workers and to coexist peacefully and in a mutually beneficial manner with its host community. Convergence of HRM is supposed to be the effect of global rivalry, which demands more efficient and more effective solutions (Larsson 2013). Another example of organizational convergence is the movement toward Western-style organization. At times, a blueprint model for nonprofit organizations has been advanced, founded on the construction and funding of specific organizational structures. The ‘convergence hypothesis’ stated that ‘best management practices’ could be applied everywhere, irrespective of the different political, ideological and cultural environments. National culture can impact on organisational culture by the development of organisational values which are influenced by a manager’s basic assumptions that have been developed by their own sets of behaviours and norms. The differences in management practices should also be viewed in the same way as many scholars attribute this to the ‘country of origin effect’ which comes about through clashed between organisational factors and local culture (Aycan, 2005). The relation between globalization and convergence has been examined in various ways within the social sciences. Political scientists often show how globalization produces the convergence of political institutions, systems or political economies (Radice, 2000). A prominent economic approach has been to chart the convergence of markets and real wage dispersion (e.g. Alderson and Nielson, 2002). Divergence is about organizations who are maintaining their culturally based dissimilarities (McGaughey De Cieri, 1999). Webber (1969: Cited in Ralston, 2008, p. 29) defined divergence as socio-cultural influence is the driving force that will cause individuals from a society to retain the specific values system of the societal culture through time, regardless of other possible influences, such as technological, economic and political change. This research paper aims to Convergence and divergence issues in strategic management with the help of Balanced Scorecard in HR management and the sector in which we are going to investigate our model is banking sector of Pakistan. Banks play vital role in any society because they expressively subsidize in the expansion of an economy by accelerating the business. Banks similarly support the saving plans and other instruments of the government’s fiscal approach in their development. One function of banks is credit facility or provision, Credit energies economic actions by permitting companies to invest further than their current cash in hand, individuals to acquire homes, and also help governments to finance new infrastructure projects. Globalization and advancement in technology led banking sector to experience rapid transformations in last few decades. State Bank of Pakistan and private sector commercial banks and insurance companies set up their in-house TD establishments. Gradually, the leading universities set up Public Administration departments and with this developed the basic know-how among the industrialists about Human Resource Management. This led to the setting up of separate Human Resource Departments by not only the leading organizations, but also by the smaller ones. Dudin, A. Y. (2013). Challenges Facing the Application of Strategic Management in Arabic Business Organizations: The Case of Telecom Sector in Jordan. Editorial Advisory Board 37(1): 111-120. Festing, M. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management in Germany: Evidence of Convergence to the US Model, the European Model, or a Distinctive National Model? The Academy of Management Perspectives 26(2): 37-54. Johansson, J. K. (2014). Brands in International Trade Theory. Multidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows (Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 16) Emerald Group Publishing Limited 16: 139-157. Larsson, O. S. (2013). Convergence in Ideas, Divergence in Actions. Administrative Theory Praxis 35(2): 271-289. Lengnick-Hall, M. L., C. A. Lengnick-Hall, et al. (2009). Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field. Human Resource Management Review 19(2): 64-85. Uddin, M. N. (2014). HRM Practices in insurance companies:: a case study of Bangladesh. Journal of Accounting, Business Management 21(1): 1-11.

Forced Vibrations Of Simple Systems English Language Essay

Forced Vibrations Of Simple Systems English Language Essay Mechanical, acoustical, or electrical vibrations are the sources of sound in musical instruments. Some familiar examples are the vibrations of strings violin, guitar, piano, etc, bars or rods xylophone, glockenspiel, chimes, and clarionet reed, membranes (drums, banjo), plates or shells (cymbal, gong, bell), air in a tube (organ pipe, brass and woodwind instruments, marimba resonator), and air in an enclosed container (drum, violin, or guitar body). In most instruments, sound production depends upon the collective behavior of several vibrators, which may be weakly or strongly coupled together. This coupling, along with nonlinear feedback, may cause the instrument as a whole to behave as a complex vibrating system, even though the individual elements are relatively simple vibrators (Hake and Rodwan, 1966). In the first seven chapters, we will discuss the physics of mechanical and acoustical oscillators, the way in which they may be coupled together, and the way in which they radiate sound. Since we are not discussing electronic musical instruments, we will not deal with electrical oscillators except as they help us, by analogy, to understand mechanical and acoustical oscillators. According to Iwamiya, Kosygi and Kitamura (1983) many objects are capable of vibrating or oscillating. Mechanical vibrations require that the object possess two basic properties: a stiffness or spring like quality to provide a restoring force when displaced and inertia, which causes the resulting motion to overshoot the equilibrium position. From an energy standpoint, oscillators have a means for storing potential energy (spring), a means for storing kinetic energy (mass), and a means by which energy is gradually lost (damper). vibratory motion involves the alternating transfer of energy between its kinetic and potential forms. The inertial mass may be either concentrated in one location or distributed throughout the vibrating object. If it is distributed, it is usually the mass per unit length, area, or volume that is important. Vibrations in distributed mass systems may be viewed as standing waves. The restoring forces depend upon the elasticity or the compressibility of some mater ial. Most vibrating bodies obey Hookes law; that is, the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium, at least for small displacement. Simple harmonic motion in one dimension: Moore (1989) has mentioned that the simplest kind of periodic motion is that experienced by a point mass moving along a straight line with an acceleration directed toward a fixed point and proportional to the distance from that point. This is called simple harmonic motion, and it can be described by a sinusoidal function of time, where the amplitude A describes the maximum extent of the motion, and the frequency f tells us how often it repeats. The period of the motion is given by That is, each T seconds the motion repeats itself. Sundberg (1978) has mentioned that a simple example of a system that vibrates with simple harmonic motion is the mass-spring system shown in Fig.1.1. We assume that the amount of stretch x is proportional to the restoring force F (which is true in most springs if they are not stretched too far), and that the mass slides freely without loss of energy. The equation of motion is easily obtained by combining Hookes law, F = -Kx, with Newtons second law, F = ma =. Thus, and Where = The constant K is called the spring constant or stiffness of the spring (expressed in Newtons per meter). We define a constant so that the equation of motion becomes This well-known equation has these solutions: ) Figure 2.1: Simple mass-spring vibrating system Source: Cremer, L., Heckl, M., Ungar, E (1988), Structure-Borne Sound, 2nd edition, Springer Verlag Figure 2.2: Relative phase of displacement x, velocity v, and acceleration a of a simple vibrator Source: Campbell, D. M., and Greated, C (1987), The Musicians Guide to Acoustics, Dent, London or From which we recognize as the natural angular frequency of the system. The natural frequency fo of our simple oscillator is given by and the amplitude by or by A; is the initial phase of the motion. Differentiation of the displacement x with respect to time gives corresponding expressions for the velocity v and acceleration a (Cardle et al, 2003): , And . Ochmann (1995) has mentioned that the displacement, velocity, and acceleration are shown in Fig. 1.2. Note that the velocity v leads the displacement by radians (90), and the acceleration leads (or lags) by radians (180). Solutions to second-order differential equations have two arbitrary constants. In Eq. (1.3) they are A and; in Eq. (1.4) they are B and C. Another alternative is to describe the motion in terms of constants x0 and v0, the displacement and velocity when t =0. Setting t =0 in Eq. (1.3) gives and setting t = 0 in Eq. (1.5) gives From these we can obtain expressions for A and in terms of xo and vo: , and Alternatively, we could have set t= 0 in Eq. (1.4) and its derivative to obtain B= x0 and C= v0/ from which . 2.3 Complex amplitudes According to Cremer, Heckl and Ungar (1990) another approach to solving linear differential equations is to use exponential functions and complex variables. In this description of the motion, the amplitude and the phase of an oscillating quantity, such as displacement or velocity, are expressed by a complex number; the differential equation of motion is transformed into a linear algebraic equation. The advantages of this formulation will become more apparent when we consider driven oscillators. This alternate approach is based on the mathematical identity where j =. In these terms, Where Re stands for the real part of. Equation (1.3) can be written as, Skrodzka and Sek (2000) has mentioned that the quantity is called the complex amplitude of the motion and represents the complex displacement at t=0. The complex displacement is written The complex velocity and acceleration become Desmet (2002) has mentioned that each of these complex quantities can be thought of as a rotating vector or phase rotating in the complex plane with angular velocity, as shown in Fig. 1.3. The real time dependence of each quantity can be obtained from the projection on the real axis of the corresponding complex quantities as they rotate with angular velocity Figure 2.3: Phase representation of the complex displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a linear oscillator Source: Bangtsson E, Noreland D and Berggren M (2003), Shape optimization of an acoustic horn, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 192:1533-1571 2.4 Continuous systems in one dimension Strings and bars This section focuses on systems in which these elements are distributed continuously throughout the system rather than appearing as discrete elements. We begin with a system composed of several discrete elements, and then allow the number of elements to grow larger, eventually leading to a continuum (Karjalainen and Valamaki, 1993). Linear array of oscillators According to Mickens (1998) the oscillating system with two masses in Fig. 1.20 was shown to have two transverse vibrational modes and two longitudinal modes. In both the longitudinal and transverse pairs, there is a mode of low frequency in which the masses move in the same direction and a mode of higher frequency in which they move in opposite directions. The normal modes of a three-mass oscillator are shown in Fig. 2.1. The masses are constrained to move in a plane, and so there are six normal modes of vibration, three longitudinal and three transverse. Each longitudinal mode will be higher in frequency than the corresponding transverse mode. If the masses were free to move in three dimensions, there would be 3*3 =9 normal modes, three longitudinal and six transverse. Increasing the number of masses and springs in our linear array increases the number of normal modes. Each new mass adds one longitudinal mode and (provided the masses move in a plane) one transverse mode. The modes of transverse vibration for mass/spring systems with N=1 to 24 masses are shown in Fig. 2.2; note that as the number of masses increases, the system takes on a wavelike appearance. A similar diagram could be drawn for the longitudinal modes. Figure 2.4: Normal modes of a three-mass oscillator. Transverse mode (a) has the lowest frequency and longitudinal mode (f) the highest Source: Jaffe, D and Smith, J (1983), Extension of the Karplus-Strong plucked string algorithm, CMJ 7:2, 43-45 Figure 2.5: Modes of transverse vibration for mass/spring systems with different numbers of masses. A system with N masses has N modes Source: Beranek L (1954), Acoustics. McGraw-Hill, New York As the number of masses in our linear system increases, we take less and less notice of the individual elements, and our system begins to resemble a vibrating string with mass distributed uniformly along its length. Presumably, we could describe the vibrations of a vibrating string by writing N equations of motion for N equality spaced masses and letting N go to infinity, but it is much simpler to consider the shape of the string as a whole (Bogoliubov, and Mitropolsky, 1961). Standing waves Consider a string of length L fixed at x=0 and x= L. The first condition y (0,t) = 0 requires that A = -C and B = -D in Eq. (2.9), so Using the sum and difference formulas, sin(xy) = sin x cos y cos x sin y and cos(x Y = 2A sin kx cos = 2[A cos The second condition y (L, t) =0 requires that sin kL =0 or . This restricts to values Thus, the string has normal modes of vibration (Obrien, Cook and Essl, 2001): These modes are harmonic, because each fn is n times f1= c/2L. The general solution of a vibrating string with fixed ends can be written as a sum of the normal modes: and the amplitude of the nth mode is. At any point Alternatively, the general solution could be written as Where Cn is the amplitude of the nth mode and is its phase (Keefe and Benade, 1982). 2.5 Energy of a vibrating string McIntyre et al (1981) has mentioned that when a string vibrates in one of its normal modes, the kinetic and potential energies alternately take on their maximum value, which is equal to the total energy. Thus, the energy of a mode can be calculated by considering either the kinetic or the potential energy. The maximum kinetic energy of a segment vibrating in its nth mode is: Integrating over the entire length gives The potential and kinetic energies of each mode have a time average value that is En/2. The total energy of the string can be found by summing up the energy in each normal mode: Plucked string: time and frequency analyses According to Laroche and Jot (1992) when a string is excited by bowing, plucking, or striking, the resulting vibration can be considered to be a combination of several modes of vibration. For example, if the string is plucked at its center, the resulting vibration will consist of the fundamental plus the odd-numbered harmonics. Fig. 2.5 illustrates how the modes associated with the odd-numbered harmonics, when each is present in the right proportion; add up at one instant in time to give the initial shape of the center-plucked string. Modes 3,7,11, etc., must be opposite in phase from modes, 1, 5, and 9 in order to give maximum displacement at the center, as shown at the top. Finding the normal mode spectrum of a string given its initial displacement calls for frequency analysis or fourier analysis. Figure 2.6: Time analysis of the motion of a string plucked at its midpoint through one half cycle. Motion can be thought of as due to two pulses travelling in opposite directions Source: Gokhshtein, A. Y (1981), Role of air ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow modulator in the excitation of sound in wind instruments, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 25, 954-956 Since all the modes shown in Fig.2.6 have different frequencies of vibration, they quickly get out of phase, and the shape of the string changes rapidly after plucking. The shape of the string at each moment can be obtained by adding the normal modes at that particular time, but it is more difficult to do so because each of the modes will be at a different point in its cycle. The resolution of the string motion into two pulses that propagate in opposite directions on the string, which we might call time analysis, is illustrated in Fig.2.6 if the constituent modes are different, of course. For example, if the string is plucked 1/5 of the distance from one end, the spectrum of mode amplitudes shown in Fig. 2.7 is obtained. Note that the 5th harmonic is missing. Plucking the string  ¼ of the distance from the end suppresses the 4th harmonic, etc. (Pavic, 2006). Roads (1989) have mentioned that a time analysis of the string plucked at 1/5 of its length. A bend racing back and forth within a parallelogram boundary can be viewed as the resultant of two pulses (dashed lines) travelling in opposite directions. Time analysis through one half cycle of the motion of a string plucked one-fifth of the distance from one end. The motion can be thought of as due to two pulses moving in opposite directions (dashed curves). The resultant motion consists of two bends, one moving clockwise and the other counter-clockwise around a parallelogram. The normal force on the end support, as a function of time, is shown at the bottom. Each of these pulses can be described by one term in dAlemberts solution [Eq. (2.5)]. Each of the normal modes described in Eq. (2.13) has two coefficients and Bn whose values depend upon the initial excitation of the string. These coefficients can be determined by Fourier analysis. Multiplying each side of Eq. (2.14) and its time derivative by sin mx/L and integrating from 0 to L gives the following formulae for the Fourier coefficients: By using these formulae, we can calculate the Fourier coefficients for the string of length L is plucked with amplitude h at one fifth of its length as shown in figure.2.8 time analysis above. The initial conditions are: y (x,0) = 0 y (x,0) = 5h/L .x, 0 x L/5, = 5h/4 (1-x/L), L/5 x L. Using the first condition in first equation gives An=0. Using the second condition in second equation gives = = The individual Bns become: B1 =0.7444h, B2 =0.3011h, B3 =0.1338h, B4 =0.0465h, B5 =0, B6= -0.0207h, etc. Figure 2.7 shows 20 log for n=0 to 15. Note that Bn=0 for n=5, 10, 15, etc., which is the signature of a string plucked at 1/5 of its length (Shabana, 1990). Bowed string Woodhouse (1992) has mentioned that the motion of a bowed string has interested physicists for many years, and much has been written on the subject. As the bow is drawn across the string of a violin, the string appears to vibrate back and forth smoothly between two curved boundaries, much like a string vibrating in its fundamental mode. However, this appearance of simplicity is deceiving. Over a hundred years ago, Helmholtz (1877) showed that the string more nearly forms two straight lines with a sharp bend at the point of intersection. This bend races around the curved path that we see, making one round trip each period of the vibration. According to Chaigne and Doutaut (1997) to observe the string motion, Helmholtz constructed a vibration microscope, consisting of an eyepiece attached to a tuning fork. This was driven in sinusoidal motion parallel to the string, and the eyepiece was focused on a bright-colored spot on the string. When Helmholtz bowed the string, he saw a Lissajous figure. The figure was stationary when the tuning fork frequency was an integral function of the string frequency. Helmholtz noted that the displacement of the string followed a triangular pattern at whatever point he observed it, as shown in Fig.2.7: Figure 2.7: Displacement and Velocity of a bowed string at three positions along the length: a) at x = L/4; b) at the center, and c) at x = 3L/4 Source: Smith, J (1986), Efficient Simulation of the Reed-Bore and Bow-String Mechanisms, Proc. ICMC, 275-280 The velocity waveform at each point alternates between two values. Other early work on the subject was published by Krigar-Menzel and Raps (1891) and by Nobel laureate C. V. Raman (1918). More recent experiments by Schelleng (1973), McIntyre, et al. (1981). Lawergren (1980), Kondo and Kubata (1983), and by others have verified these early findings and have greatly added to our understanding of bowed strings. An excellent discussion of the bowed string is given by Cremer (1981). The motion of a bowed string is shown in Fig.2.8: Figure 2.8: Motion of a bowed string. A) Time analysis of the motion showing the shape of the string at eight successive times during the cycle. B) Displacement of the bow (dashed line) and the string at the point of contact (solid line) at successive times. The letters correspond to the letters in (A) Source: McIntyre, M., Woodhouse, J (1979), On the Fundamentals of Bowed-String Dynamics, Acustica 43:2, 93-108 Dobashi, Yamamoto and Nishita (2003) have described that a time analysis in the above figure 2.8 (A) shows the Helmholtz-type motion of the string; as the bow moves ahead at a constant speed, the bend races around a curved path. Fig. 2.8 (B) shows the position of the point of contact at successive times; the letters correspond to the frames in Figure 2.8(A). Note that there is a single bend in the bowed string. Whereas in the plucked string (fig. 2.8), we had a double bend. The action of the bow on the string is often described as a stick and slip action. The bow drags the string along until the bend arrives [from (a) in figure 2.8 (A)] and triggers the slipping action of the string until it is picked up by the bow once again [frame (c)]. From (c) to (i), the string moves at the speed of the bow. The velocity of the bend up and down the string is the usual . The envelope around which the bend races [the dashed curve in Figure 2.8 (A)] is composed of two parabolas with maximum amplitu de that is proportional, within limits, to the bow velocity. It also increases as the string is bowed nearer to one end. 2.6 Vibration of air columns: According to Moore and Glasberg (1990) the familiar phenomenon of the sound obtained by blowing across the open and of a key shows that vibrations can be set up in an air column. An air column of definite length has a definite natural period of vibrations. When a vibrating tuning fork is held over a tall glass is pured gradually, so as to vary the length of the air column, a length can be obtained which will resound loudly to the note of the tuning fork. Hence it is the air column is the same as that of the tuning fork. A vibration has three important characteristics namely Frequency Amplitude Phase 2.6.1 Frequency:- Frequency is defined as the number of vibration in one second. The unit is Hertz. It is normally denoted as HZ. Thus a sound of 1000 HZ means 1000 vibrations in one second. A frequency of 1000 HZ can also be denoted as 1 KHZ. If the frequency range of audio equipment is mentioned as 50 HZ to 3 HZ it means that audio equipment will function within the frequency range between 50HZ and 3000 HZ. 2.6.2 Amplitude:- Amplitude is defined as the maximum displacement experienced by a particle in figure will help to understand amplitude. Let us consider two vibrating bodies having the same frequency but different amplitudes. The body vibrating with more amplitude will be louder than the body vibrating with less amplitude. The following figure represents two vibrating bodies having the same frequency but different amplitudes (Takala and Hahn, 1992). 2.6.3 Phase:- Phase is defined as the stage to which a particle has reached in its vibration. Initial phase means the initial stage from which the vibration starts. The following will help to understand the concept of phase. From the source travels in the form of waves before reaching the ear sound cannot travel in vacuum. Sound needs medium for its travel. The medium may be a solid or liquid or gas (Brown and Vaughn, 1993). Support a glass tube open at both ends in a vertical position, with its lower and dipping into water contained in a wider cylinder. Hold over the upper end of the tube a vibrating tuning form. Adjust the reinforcement of the sound is obtained. Adjust the distance of the air column till we get actually the resonance or sympathetic note. Repeat the adjustments and take the average of the results from the observation. It will be found from the repeated experiments, that the longer the air column is produced when the tuning fork becomes identical. Vibration of air column in a tube open at both ends:- Obrien, Shen and Gatchalian (2002) have described that if they think of an air column in a tube open both ends, and try to imagine the ways in which it can vibrate; we shall readily appreciate that the ends will always be antinodes, since here the air is free to move. Between the antinodes there must be at least one node, and the ends, the moving air is either moving towards the center from both ends or away from the centre at both ends. Thus the simplest kind of vibration has a node at the centre and antinodes at the two ends. This can be mathematically expressed as follows: Wave length of the simplest kind of vibration is four times the distance from node to antinode 2L where L is the length of the pipe. Vibration of air column in a tube closed at one end: The distance from node to antinode in this case is L, the whole length of the pipe, the wavelength is therefore = 4L. 2.7 Resonance-sympathetic vibration Sloan, Kautz and Synder (2002) have described that everybody which is capable of vibration has natural frequency of its own. When a body is made to vibrate at its neutral frequency, it will vibrate with maximum amplitude. Resonance is a phenomenon in which a body at rest is made to vibrate by the vibrations of another body whose frequency is equal to that of the natural frequency of the first. Resonance can also be called sympathetic vibrations. The following experiment will help to understand resonance: Consider two stretched stings A and B on a sonometer. With the help of a standard tuning form we can adjust their vibrating lengths [length between the bridges] to have the same frequency. Thus we can place a few paper riders on string B and pluck string A to make it vibrate. The string B will start vibrate and paper riders on it will flutter vigorously and sometimes A can be stopped simply by touching it. Still the string B will continue to vibrate. The vibration in the string B is due to resonance and it can be called as sympathetic vibration. If instead of the fundamental frequency one of the harmonics of string B is equal to the vibrating frequency of string A then the string B will start vibrating at that harmonics frequency. But in the case of harmonics the amplitude of vibration will be less. In Tambura when the sarani is sounded the anusarani also, vibrates thus helping to produce a louder volume of sound. The sarani here makes the anusarani to vibrate. In all musical instrum ents the material, the shape of the body and enclosed volume of air make use of resonance to bring out increased volume and desired upper partials of harmonics. 2.8 Intonations Spiegel and Watson (1984) have described that during the course of the history of music, several of music intervals were proposed aiming at a high degree of maturing consonance and dissonance played important role in the evolution of musical scales. Just intonation is the result of standardizing perfect intervals. Just Intonation is limited to one single-key and aims at making the intervals as accordant as possible with both one another and with the harmonics of the keynote and with the closely related tones. The frequency ratio of the musical notes in just Intonation is given below. Indian note Western note Frequency ratio r C 1 K2 D 9/8 f2 E 5/4 M1 F 4/3 P G 3/2 D2 A 5/3 N2 B 15/8 S C 2 Ward (1970) has mentioned that most of the frequency ratios are expressed is terms of comparatively small numbers. Constant harmonics are present when frequency ratios are expressed in terms of small numbers. The interval in frequency ratio are: Between Madhya sthyai C[Sa] and Tara sthayi c[sa] is 2 [1*2=2]. Between Madhya sthyai C[Sa] and Madhya sthayi G[pa] is 3/2 [1*3/2=3/2]. Between Madhya sthayi D[Ri] and Madhya sthayi E[Ga] is 10/9 [9/8*10/9=5/4] Between Madhya sthyai E[Ga] and Madhya sthayi F[Ma] is 16/15-[5/4*16/15=4/3]. Between Madhya sthyai F[Ma] and Madhya sthayi G[Pa] is 9/8-[4/3*9/8=3/2]. Between Madhya sthyai G[Pa] and Madhya sthayi A[Dha] is 10/9[3/2*10/9=5/3]. Between Madhya sthyai A[Dha] and Madhya sthayi B[Ni] is 9/8-[5/3*9/8=5/8]. Between Madhya sthyai Sa[C] and Ri2[D] there is a svarasthanam [CH]. Hence the interval between Sa[C] and Ri2[D] and Ga2[E] is known as a tone. But there is no svarasthanam [semitone] between Ga2[E] and Ma1[F]. Hence the interval between Ga[E] and Ma1[F] is known as a semitone. Between Pa[G] and Dha[A] we have a tone. Between mathya styayi Ni2[B] and Tara sthyai C[Sa] we have a semitone. In just Intonation we find that tones are not all equal. But the semitones are equal. In just Intonation the modulation of key of musical notes will be difficult for example, if the keynote is changed from Sa[C] to Pa[G] then the frequency of etatusruthi Dhairatam [A] will change from 1.687, time the frequency of Sa[c]. A musical instrument tuned in just intonation to play sankarabaranam ragam cannot be used to play kalyani ragam. Hence the modulation of key of musical notes will be difficult in just Intonation (Doutaut , Matignon, and Chaigne, 1998). Equal temperature Lehr (1997) has described that the above mentioned problem in just Intonation can be solved in the Equal Temperament scale. In Equal temperament all the 12 music intervals in a sthayi [octave] are equal. The frequency ratios of semitones in Equal temperament scale was first calculated by the French Mathematician Mersenne and was published in Harmonic Universelle in the year 1636. But it was not put into use till the latter half of seventeenth century. All keyboard instruments are tuned of Equal Temperature scale. Abraham pandithar strongly advocated Equal Temperament scale and in his famous music treatise karunamitha sagaram he tried to prove that the Equal Temperament scale was in practice in ancient Tamil music. A simple mathematical exercise will help to under the basis of Equal Temperament scale. Equal Temperament Madhya sthayi Sa[c] frequency ratio=1=2 ÃÅ'Ã…  . Tara sthayi Sa[i] frequency ratio = 2=212/12=2. Frequency ratios of 12 svarasthanams are given below. S R1 R2 G1 G2 M1 M2 P D1 D2 N1 N2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" 20 21/12 22/12 23/12 24/12 25/12 26/12 27/12 28/12 29/12 210/12 2n/12 S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" 212/12 All semitones are equal is Equal Temperament scale. Each represents the same frequency ratio 1.05877. The great advantage in Equal Temperament scale is that music can be played equal well in all keys. This means that any of the 12 semitones can be used as Sa in a music instrument tuned to Equal Temperament scale. There is no need to change tuning every time the Raga is changed. Since keyboard instruments are pre-tuned instruments they follow Equal Temperament. 2.9 Production and transmission of sound:- According to Boulanger (2000) the term sound is related to quite definite and specific sensation caused by the stimulation of the mechanism of the ear. The external cause of the sensation is also related to sound. Anybody in vibration is an external cause of the sensation. A veena [after plucking] or violin [after blowing] in a state of vibration is an external cause of the sensation. A body in a state of vibration becomes a source of sound. A vibration is a periodic to and fro motion about a fixed point Iwamiya and Fujiwara (1985) have mentioned that the pitch of a musical sound produced on a wind instrument depends on the rate or frequency of the vibrations which cause the sound. In obedience to Natures law, the column of air in a tube can be made to vibrate only at certain rates, therefore, a tube of any particular length can be made to produce only certain sounds and no others as long as the length of the tube is un-altered. Whatever the length of the tube, these various sounds always bear the same relationship one to the other, but the actual pitch of die series will depend on the length of the tube. The player on a wind instrument, by varying the intensity of the air-stream which he injects into the mouthpiece, can produce at will all or some of the various sounds which that particular length of tube is capable of sounding; thus, by compressing the air-stream with his lips he increases the rate of vibration and produces higher sounds, and by decompressing or slackening the inte nsity of the air-stream he lowers the rate of vibration and produces lower pitched sounds. In this way the fundamental, or lowest note which a tube is capable of sounding, can be raised becoming higher and higher by intervals which become smaller and smaller as they ascend. These sounds are usually called harmonics or upper partials, and it is convenient to refer to them by number, counting the fundamental as No. t, the octave harmonic as No. 2, and so on. The series of sounds available on a tube approximately 8 feet in length is as follows: Tsingos et al (2001) has mentioned that a longer tube would produce a corresponding series of sounds proportionately lower in pitch according to its length, and on a shorter tube the same series would be proportionately higher. The entire series available on any tube is an octave lower than that of a tube half its length, or an octave higher than that of a tube double its length ; thus, the approximate lengths of tube required to sound the various notes C are as follows : Fundamental Length of tube C, 16 feet C 8 ,. c 4,, c 2,, c I foot c 1/2,, Shonle and Horen (1980) has mentioned that the addition of about 6 inches to a 4-foot tube, of a foot to an 8-foot tube, or of 2 feet to a i6-foot tube, will give the series a tone lower (in B flat), and a proportionate shortening of the C tubes will raise the series a tone (D) ; on the same basis, tubes which give any F as the fundamental of a series must be about midway in length between those which give the C above and the C below as fundamental. Examples: Trumpet (modern) in C-length about 4 feet ,, in F ,, ,, 6 ,, ,, (old) in C ,, ,, 8 ,, Horn in F ,, ,, 12 ,, ,, ,, C ,, ,, 16 ,, It will be noticed that the two lower octaves of the harmonic series are ve

Hitler’s Alliance With The Soviet Union :: European History Essays

Hitler’s Alliance With The Soviet Union When the world awoke August 24, 1939 it appeared that the absolute impossible had just occurred in Europe, National Socialist Germany and Soviet Russia had just agreed on a Non Aggression pact. By that morning the entire political world had changed, it had been thrown roughly on its head and people quickly asked how it could have happened? Over a period of three years the German chancellor, Adolph Hitler had repeatedly pushed the major powers to the limit with his territorial demands in the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and now in the Polish corridor. Hitler had succeeded in each gamble and grown bolder each time as he noticed the vacillating nature of the supposed major powers that stood in the way of his completing his long held foreign policy program. This program, first coherently laid down in his 1924 book Mein Kampf, called for the re-armament of Germany and the acquisition of allies like Italy and Britain, the neutralization or destruction of his hated enemy France, and finally with Germany’s rear protected the way would be clear for the great fight against Judeo-Bolshevism in the Soviet Union, and the gaining of Lebensraum for the superior Aryan German race. Since coming to power in 1933, Hitler had completed the first phase of his program save for the making of a British alliance or at least their promise of neutrality in any upcoming European war of revision. Realizing that the British would need some coercing to accept his program, and that if war was to come with the west his eastern border must be secured, Hitler relied on his great ability to play the game of power politics and shocked the world by allying with his sworn enemy. Hitler sought the Non-Aggression pact and covert military alliance with the Soviet Union because it was a temporary means to an all encompassing end. Hitler would use the hated Soviets to secure his eastern flank while he destroyed France with or without the help of Britain, only to return the favor by attacking them when Germany was ready. It was a move consistent with the power politics and foreign policy program he had been pursuing since 1933, his attempts to force Britain into a military alliance or at least a proclamation of neutrality in any continental war, and the subjugation of France as a prerequisite to obtaining Lebensraum in the East. The Non-Aggression pact of August 1939, was the pre war culmination of policies designed by Hitler to further his foreign policy program of making

The Rise of Ideas and the Fall of the State Essay -- Social Revolution

Social revolutions are swift and violent transformations, carried out by the lower classes, which ultimately transform the political, social, and socioeconomic structures of the government (Skocpol, 4). Revolutions do not easily occur and are not inevitable. In fact, there must be certain variables simultaneously present in order for the current regime to collapse and be replaced by a new system. In the following paper, I will illustrate how the simultaneous presence of two variables leads to the social revolutions in France in October of 1789, Russia, in February of 1917, and China in 1949. The first variable describes how wars can cause economic strain that leads to the neglection of the military, which causes defections. The second variable is the rise of radical ideologies resulting in the creation of political parties, which mobilize the peasants. Note that the Chinese Revolution of 1949 is chosen as the social revolution because it adheres to Skocpol’s definition as a r evolution by the lower classes and results in a total transformation of the state, whereas the revolution in 1911 does not. I will also discuss why social revolutions did not occur in the negative cases of the Prussian Reform, the Japanese Meiji Restoration and Russia in 1905. There are no current theories that explain why, how, and when revolutions occur. The volcanic model states that revolutions occur when the demands of the people are not met by the state and the eventual frustration of the people will mobilize the masses, resulting in a transformation of the system (Aya, 7). This theory neglects to identify the actors and the connection between mass frustration and social change. It also fails to identify the ultimate spark that motivates people to c... ...Meiji Restoration, there was no mobilization of the lower people, and the Samurai conducted the reforms from above. In Russia, radical ideas were present in 1905 and did mobilize the peasants, however, the military was present and therefore since both variables need to occur concurrently, there was no revolution in Russia in 1905. The collapse of the army alone would not cause a revolution; neither would protests or riots alone. However, it is the combination of both the collapse of the military as well as the uprisings against the state that results in a revolution. The collapse of the forces of the state allows for the uprisings to become powerful and therefore have the opportunity to attack the state when it is at its weakest point. The two variables that I have discussed show that it takes both variables at the same time in order for a revolution to occur.

Modernists

Literature has evolved time and time again as individuals and societies experiment and explore different themes and techniques in writing.   Modernism is a particular literary movement that follows the Romantic and Victorian eras of poetry.   While its definition composes many different elements, such as the rise of pessimistic thought caused by postwar disillusionment, and the rise in appeal of the imagist movement.Davis and Jenkins cite Peter Brooks who claims that readers have to acknowledge a â€Å"plurality of modernisms which sought to innovate on different artistic and cultural fronts† (3) while continuing to argue that â€Å"modernism is an unfinished project† (4).   Lee and Jenkins also argue that modernism is a function more of place than timeThree poets forged the way for this movement in English poetry:   William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot, and Dylan Thomas.   As evidenced by these poets, modernist poetry is a mixture of many diverse elements, includ ing pessimistic themes, disjointed time and recurring symbolic images whose understanding may depend more upon psychology than the intrinsic beauty of nature.William Butler Yeats is the oldest of these three, but not the first to write in the modern style.   As he began experiencing with the poetic transitions, he came to be known as a realist-symbolist who revealed meaning through symbol.   T.S. Eliot is often credited as one of the poets that began the movement, along with Ezra Pound, and is known also for his symbols and haunting poetic images.Dylan Thomas is also known for his highly ordered images which represented the cycling of life for humankind.  Ã‚   All three presented themes that would have turned the poets of earlier eras, known for complimentary elegies, harmonious pastorals, and carefully ordered time, to drink.Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Waste Land,† considered by most literary reviewers as the quintessential modernist poem, offers a spiritual yet dis connected view of society which mirrored the wasteland produced the spiritual disillusionment felt during the 1920s and the physical hardships associated with the Depression, the rise of Hitler and the threat of another war (Abrams 2137).   Eliot’s poems probe into the psyche of man that could live during any time period.   They leave behind the romantic and the beautiful to deal with the obscure and the dark aspects of humanity.The first four lines of â€Å"Waste Land,† illuminate the ideas of precise images and theme.   The suggestion that â€Å"April is the cruelest month† (â€Å"The Waste Land† ln. 1) runs counter to the idea that spring is a time of renewal and rebirth.   The image of lilacs growing from the arid land and of roots withering from the lack of rain support the initial assertion of the first line.   Throughout this lengthy poem, Eliot twists images from what the reader expects to see into something unexpected and thought-provok ing.Likewise, in Yeats’ â€Å"Leda and the Swan,†Ã‚   past history would suggest that this poem might be in praise of a Greek deity, when it actually, through its images, seems to be chronicling a rape.   The first four lines suggest this image rather clearly:A sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy his dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast† (lns. 1-4).Similarly, Thomas’ images of a misshapen man in the park are juxtaposed with images of animals.   He â€Å"slept at night in a dog kennel†(ln.11) and was â€Å"eating bread from a newspaper† (ln. 7). None of these images are veiled in the rosy light of Romanticism and present rather sad, violent and pessimistic images of society.In contrast with the chronological narratives of Romantic and Victorian poetry, these poets’ works are essentially nonlinear.   The words are broken and fragme nted, and only at the end do these seemingly unrelated bits come together, if at all.   Time and structure in these poems are fragmented.   F.R. Leavis in â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry† discusses this concept of fragmented time in depth as necessary to presenting the realism sought after by these poets. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† clearly reveals this disjointed and chaotic journey through the mind of an everyman.   The poems shifts time periods and locations several times, but remain an imagistic representation of England with its nightlife, discussions of Renaissance art, and references to Shakespeare’s Hamlet.The action takes place entirely within the head of the speaker, who is deliberating about attending a social function.   He ponders as his brain wonders chaotically from one topic to the next. ).   In line 69, the speaker becomes aware of his own ramblings and muses, â€Å"And how should I begin?†Ã‚   Later, he qu eries, almost nonsensically, as if he, himself, has become the embodiment of the chaos of swiftly moving time:â€Å"I grow old†¦I grow old†¦Ã‚  I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled† (lns. 120-121).   Ã‚  This fragmentation of time seems to lead, as it does in â€Å"The Waste Land† to disastrous results as evidenced by the last line of the poem – â€Å"and we drown† (ln. 130).   The disjointedness of time and thought seems to be representative of a confused state of mind, both in individuals and in society.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Waste Land† begins in arid desolation, both physically and spiritually for its inhabitants.   In the first stanza of Part I, the chronology moves swiftly from the present reflection of the speaker to a childhood memory, back to the reflection, and then to another incident a year in the past.   This style is much like that of an interior monologue, in which the thoughts of the speaker are presented just as they flow, without any organization, to help the reader understand.   Yeats presents a similar confusion in â€Å"The Second Coming.†Ã‚   This poem projects to the return of a god figure, but not with rejoicing.   The society is described by the first four lines as fragmented and chaotic:Turning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world† (lns. 1-4).Again, the vision of fragmentation is created by the images presented in the first four lines of this poem.A common theme among the modernist poets is that of the individual alienated from his society, a society that is generally as fragmented and dysfunctional as time.   The grandeur to which Prufrock ascribes his place in the world, as exhibited by â€Å"Dare I dare/Disturb the universe?† (lns. 45-46). Prufrock, with all of his insecurities, ineptitude and physical shortcomings, and the masses of individual s he represents, will never be able to actually disturb the inner machinations of the universe.   Similarly, â€Å"The Waste Land† offers no heroic figure for the readers to identify; the speaker can be anyone, but his demise is certain to occur and certain to happen alone.Likewise, all three of these poems seem to be fascinated with death, not as the ultimate redemption as presented by earlier poets, but as a frightening, even horrible, reality that should be challenged.   Eliot’s â€Å"Love Song† ends with the figurative death of not only Prufrock but of society as a whole.   â€Å"The Waste Land† describes a society that is in a state of apocalypse.   Yeat’s poem, â€Å"The Second Coming† describes, as discussed above, a disjointed society that fear the return of a savior, the new deity:That twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,  Slouches tow ards Bethlehem  to be born?† (lns. 18-22).This example parallels Eliot’s â€Å"Journey of the Magi† which adopts the persona of the Biblical magi who describe their journey as not joyful, but full of hardship.   They question their dedication to the birth and actually equate it with death, seemingly contradicting the traditional Christmas story:     Ã‚  The lines  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this Birth was  Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death.  We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,  But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,  With an alien people clutching their gods. I  should be glad of another death (lns. 38-43). Reveal this questioning that has resulted from the disillusionment and doubt with the classical views of religionlThomas actually suggests battling with death almost physically in his poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.†Ã‚   He continually exhorts those near death to â€Å"Rage, Rage against the dying of the light† in the last line of each stanza.   Instead of accepting death as a reward for a Christian life, these poets present death as a time of fear and uncertainty which could be representative of a spiritual disillusionment. Even theological elements of Christianity and life-after-death are no longer held sacred by the modern poets.While modernism, at least as Yeats, Eliot, and Thomas present it, may be a reflection of many different eras of poetry, it deviates in its themes, symbols and chaotic presentation of time.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pessimistic themes and perplexing images they create are reflective of the societal and spiritual disillusionment prevalent in this postwar era.   These poets are icons of modernist thought and poetry.   Their complex works reject the focus on beauty and narration that other genres utilize and paint a picture of mankind and society as a spiritually arid and ghastly.Works CitedAbrams, M.H. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Liter ature:   The Major Authors.   6thEd. New York:   Norton, 1996Eliot, T.S. â€Å"The Journey of the Magi†Ã¢â‚¬â€.   â€Å"The Love Song of   J. Alfred Prufrock†Ã¢â‚¬â€.   â€Å"The Waste Land†Jenkins, Lee M. and Alex Davis.   Locations of Literary Modernism: Region and Nation inBritish and American Modernist Poetry. Cambridge, UK:   Cambridge UniversityPress, 2000.  Leavis, F.R. â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry.†Ã‚   T.S. Eliot:   A Collection of Critical Essays. HughKenner, Ed.   New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1962.Thomas, D. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night†Ã¢â‚¬â€ â€Å"The Hunchback in the Park†Yeats, W.B. â€Å"The Second Coming†Ã¢â‚¬â€. â€Å"Leda and the Swan†